Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (21) by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other (22) situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (23) in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial (24) ; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants. (25) , the standard variety of English is based on the London (26) of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one (27) by the educated, and it was developed and promoted (28) a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the (29) that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (30) English is arranged to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are (31) the same everywhere in the world where English is used; (32) among local standards is really quite minor, (33) the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (34) different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (35) . Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous (36) on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (37) much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (38) . This latter situation ig not unique (39) English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are (40) . But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational (跨国的) ones.

M: I think that intermarriage is a good idea. After all, we are living in a cosmopolitan country. We have so many different races living together peacefully, don’t we It is nothing new to us, and I feel that intermarriage will work out. W: Personally, I feel that it is not a very sound idea. It is difficult for two people of entirely different religions to live and share a life together. They will face so many problems that it would be better if they don’t get married in the first place. M: Of course there will be problems. Even two people of the same religion have problems. It is the same in this case, except that it will be slightly more difficult, I guess. W: I agree with you, Henry. Naturally, there will be arguments and personal differences. Marriage thrives on a give-and-take policy, so a couple will have to learn to adapt to each other’s customs and traditions. M: That’s right. Married people should be more tolerant towards each other and be willing to learn about each other’s religion. Only then can understanding and acceptance be achieved ultimately. W: You talk as if it were very simple. It isn’t, you know. I should know, as I am a child of a mixed marriage. M: All right, you tell us why it is not such a good idea. W: You see, Henry, it depends on the individuals concerned. If two people of different religions marry, they should be prepared for the consequences. It is only after marriage that the vast differences in the cultures begin to show. Little things, from food and clothes to bigger aspects like religious beliefs, tend to clash, leading eventually to a rift. Besides, this will be either personal pride or the reluctance to accept the other’s views. It may lead to a big gap between the parents, and their children may suffer a lot in between. M: You have a point there, but I can also tell you of several such couples who are living happily together. W: I suppose that you are right. Intermarriage can lead to happiness or sorrow, depending on how it is handled.

Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (21)  by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other (22)  situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (23)  in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial (24) ; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.  (25) , the standard variety of English is based on the London (26)  of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one (27)  by the educated, and it was developed and promoted (28)  a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the (29)  that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (30)  English is arranged to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are (31)  the same everywhere in the world where English is used; (32)  among local standards is really quite minor, (33)  the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (34)  different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (35) . Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous (36)  on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (37)  much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (38) . This latter situation ig not unique (39)  English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are (40) . But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational (跨国的) ones.

There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer colds. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their heats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn’t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air-conditioning they get. At least, the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep lights burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. It is sore in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites from associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Rushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn’t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn’t going up much any more, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They’re starving out there because earth’s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1997—and outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It’s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least, the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed.

There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer colds. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their heats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn’t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air-conditioning they get. At least, the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep lights burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. It is sore in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites from associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Rushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn’t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn’t going up much any more, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They’re starving out there because earth’s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1997—and outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It’s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least, the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed.

There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer colds. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their heats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn’t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air-conditioning they get. At least, the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep lights burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. It is sore in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites from associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Rushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn’t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn’t going up much any more, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They’re starving out there because earth’s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1997—and outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It’s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least, the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed.

There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer colds. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their heats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn’t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air-conditioning they get. At least, the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep lights burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. It is sore in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites from associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Rushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn’t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn’t going up much any more, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They’re starving out there because earth’s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1997—and outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It’s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least, the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed.

There are advantages in 1997, if you want to look for them. The air is cleaner, and there seem to be fewer colds. The crime rate has dropped. With the police car too expensive, policemen are back on their heats. More important, the streets are full. Legs are king, and people walk everywhere far into the night. There is mutual protection in crowds. If the weather isn’t too cold, people sit out front. If it is hot, the open air is the only air-conditioning they get. At least, the street lights still burn. Indoors, few people can afford to keep lights burning after supper. As for the winter—well, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed hoarded for the dawn. But sweaters are popular indoor wear. Showers are not an everyday luxury. It is sore in the suburbs, which were born with the auto, lived with the auto, and are dying with the auto. Suburbanites from associations that assign turns to the procurement and distribution of food. Rushcarts creak from house to house along the posh suburban roads, and every bad snowstorm is a disaster. It isn’t easy to hoard enough food to last till the roads are open. What energy is left must be conserved for agriculture. The great car factories make trucks and farm machinery almost exclusively. The American population isn’t going up much any more, but the food supply must be kept high even though the prices and difficulty of distribution force each American to eat less. Food is needed for export to pay for some trickles of oil and for other resources. The rest of the world is not as lucky as we are. They’re starving out there because earth’s population has continued to rise. The population on earth is 5.5 billion—up by 1.5 billion since 1997—and outside the United States and Europe, not more than one in five has enough to eat at any given time. There is a high infant mortality rate. It’s more than just starvation, though. There are those who manage to survive on barely enough to keep the body working, and that proves to be not enough for the brain. It is estimated that nearly two billion people in the world are permanently brain damaged by undernutrition, and the number is growing. At least, the big armies are gone. Only the United States and the Soviet Union can maintain a few tanks, planes, and ships—which they dare not move for fear of biting into limited fuel reserves. Machines must be replaced by human muscle and beasts of burden. People are working longer hours, and with lighting restricted, television only three hours a night, new books few and printed in small editions—what is there to do with leisure Work, sleep, and eating are the great trinity of 1997, and only the first two are guaranteed.