The 3rd generation of programming lang...

单项选择题We all know that programming language is the system of syntax, grammar, and symbols or words used to give instructions to a computer. Because computers work with binary numbers, first-generation languages, called machine languages, required the writing of long strings of binary numbers to represent such operations as add, subtract, and compare. Later improvements allowed octal, decimal, or hexadecimal representation of binary strings. It is difficult to write error-free programs in machine language; many languages have been created to make programming easier and faster. Symbolic, or assembly, languages-- second-generation languages-- were introduced in the early 1950s. They use simple mnemonics such as "A" for add or "M" for multiply, which are translated into machine language by a computer program called an assembler. An extension of such a language is the macro instruction, a mnemonic (such as "READ" ) for which the assembler substitutes a series of simpler mnemonics. In the mid-1950s, a third generation of languages came into use. Called high-level languages because they are largely independent of the hardware, these algorithmic, or procedural, languages are designed for solving a particular type of problem. Unlike machine or symbolic languages, they vary little between computers. They must be translated into machine code by a program called a compiler or interpreter. The first such language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed about 1956 and best used for scientific calculation. The first commercial language, COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), was developed about 1959. ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), developed in Europe about 1958, is used primarily in mathematics and science, as is APL (A Programming Language), published in 1962. PI/1 (programming Language I), developed in the late 1960s, and ADA (for Ada Augusta, countess of Lovelace, biographer of Charles Babbage), developed in 1981, are designed for both business and scientific use. For personal computers the most popular languages are BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), developed in 1967 and similar to FORTRAN, and Pascal (for Blaise Pascal, who built the first successful mechanical calculator), introduced in 1971 as a teaching language. Modula 2, a Pacal-like language for commercial and mathematical applications, was introduced in 1982. The C language, introduced (1972) to implement the Unix operating system, has been extended to C ++ to deal with the rigors of object-oriented programming. Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural. They specify what is to be accomplished without describing how. The first one, FORTH, developed in 1970, is used in scientific and industrial control applications. Most fourth-generation languages are written for specific purposes. Fifth-generation languages, which are still in infancy, are an outgrowth of artificial intelligence research. PROLOG (PRO gramming Logic) is useful for programming logical processes and making deductions automatically.
Many other languages have been designed to meet specialized needs. GPSS (General Purpose System Simulator) is used for modeling physical and environmental events, and SNOBOL (String-Oriented Symbolic Language) and LISP (LISt Processing) are designed for pattern matching and list processing. LOGO, a version of LISP, was developed in the 1960s to help children learn about computers. PILOT (Programmed Instruction Learning, Or Testing) is used in writing instructional software, and Occam is a nonsequential language that optimizes the execution of a program’ s instructions in parallel processing systems.
The 3rd generation of programming language shares all the following characteristics EXCEPT ______.

A. it is used in designing software
B. it is hardware-independent
C. is should be translated into the computer language by software
D. it is designed to solve some specific problem

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1.单项选择题Every silver lining has its cloud. At the moment, the world’s oceans absorb a million tonnes of carbon dioxide an hour. Admittedly that is only a third of the rate at which humanity dumps the stuff into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, but it certainly helps to slow down global warming. However, what is a blessing for the atmosphere turns out to be a curse for the oceans. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water it forms carbonic acid. At the moment, seawater is naturally alkaline -but it is becoming less so all the time.
The biological significance of this acidification was a topic of debate among scientists. Many species of invertebrate have shells or skeletons made of calcium carbonate. It is these, fossilized, that form rocks such as chalk and limestone. And, as anyone who has studied chemistry at school knows, if you drop chalk into acid it fizzes away to nothing. Many marine biologists therefore worry that some species will soon be unable to make their protective homes. Many of the species most at risk are corals.
The end of the Permian period, 252m years ago, was marked by the biggest extinction of life known to have happened on Earth. At least part of the cause of this extinction seems to have been huge volcanic eruptions that poured carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But some groups of animals became more extinct than others. Sponges, corals and brachiopods were particularly badly hit.
Rather than counting individual species of fossils, which vary over time, paleontologists who study extinction usually count entire groups of related species, called genera. More than 90% of Permian genera of sponges, corals and brachiopods vanished in the extinction. By contrast, only half of the genera of mollusks and arthropods disappeared.
This is because mollusks and arthropods are able to buffer the chemistry of the internal fluids from which they create their shells. This keeps the acidity of those fluids constant. Sponges, corals and brachiopods, however, cannot do this.
The situation at the moment is not as bad as it was at the end of the Permian. Nevertheless, calculations suggest that if today’s trends continue, the alkalinity of the ocean will have fallen by half a pH unit by 2100. That would make some places, such as the Southern Ocean, uninhabitable for corals. Since corals provide habitat and food sources for many other denizens of the deep, this could have a profound effect on the marine food web.
No corals, no sea urchins and no who-knows-what-else would be bad news indeed for the sea. Those who blithely factor oceanic uptake into the equations of what people can get away with when it comes to greenhouse-gas pollution should, perhaps, have second thoughts.
The sentence "Every silver lining has its cloud" in the first paragraph probably means______.

A. there is always a difficult side to a hopeful situation
B. there is always a comforting side to a sad situation
C. there is always a chink of light before the sun comes pouring in
D. visible water vapor floating in the sky can join up to make a silver line

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2.单项选择题The reasons why the church wanted to burn Harry Potter books didn’t include that ______.

A. it believed that the books were an abhorrence to God
B. it believed that the books would weaken the communication with God
C. it believed that the existence of God had been confused by the book
D. it believed that the books would ruin the lifves of many young people

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3.单项选择题How long had the border between Egypt and Israel been closed

A. Three years.
B. Four years.
C. Forty years.
D. Three months.

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4.单项选择题

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5.单项选择题

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6.填空题Why People work
We may fully realize the role of work in providing us the
(1)______things of life. But we may ignore its role in 1. ______
contributing to our (2)______well-being. For most people, 2. ______
work is not only a necessity, but also the (3)______of 3. ______
their lives. Many doctors have observed its (4)______ 4. ______
effect. For many people, the absence of job is (5)______to 5. ______
their health.
Why people need work Firstly, people get their
(6) ______rewards from work. Everybody wants to do 6. ______
something that can serve as a (7)______to our ability. 7. ______
Secondly, people need to be (8)______recognized. A good 8. ______
job can provide people with both status and (9)______ 9. ______
We are often misled by people’s complaints about difficult
work. In fact, most of them regard their own capacity to do
the tough job as the mark of their unique personality. For us
human beings, it is energy (10)______that is satisfying. 10. ______

参考答案：expenditure

7.填空题Why People work
We may fully realize the role of work in providing us the
(1)______things of life. But we may ignore its role in 1. ______
contributing to our (2)______well-being. For most people, 2. ______
work is not only a necessity, but also the (3)______of 3. ______
their lives. Many doctors have observed its (4)______ 4. ______
effect. For many people, the absence of job is (5)______to 5. ______
their health.
Why people need work Firstly, people get their
(6) ______rewards from work. Everybody wants to do 6. ______
something that can serve as a (7)______to our ability. 7. ______
Secondly, people need to be (8)______recognized. A good 8. ______
job can provide people with both status and (9)______ 9. ______
We are often misled by people’s complaints about difficult
work. In fact, most of them regard their own capacity to do
the tough job as the mark of their unique personality. For us
human beings, it is energy (10)______that is satisfying. 10. ______

参考答案：self-confidence

8.填空题Why People work
We may fully realize the role of work in providing us the
(1)______things of life. But we may ignore its role in 1. ______
contributing to our (2)______well-being. For most people, 2. ______
work is not only a necessity, but also the (3)______of 3. ______
their lives. Many doctors have observed its (4)______ 4. ______
effect. For many people, the absence of job is (5)______to 5. ______
their health.
Why people need work Firstly, people get their
(6) ______rewards from work. Everybody wants to do 6. ______
something that can serve as a (7)______to our ability. 7. ______
Secondly, people need to be (8)______recognized. A good 8. ______
job can provide people with both status and (9)______ 9. ______
We are often misled by people’s complaints about difficult
work. In fact, most of them regard their own capacity to do
the tough job as the mark of their unique personality. For us
human beings, it is energy (10)______that is satisfying. 10. ______

参考答案：socially

9.填空题Why People work
We may fully realize the role of work in providing us the
(1)______things of life. But we may ignore its role in 1. ______
contributing to our (2)______well-being. For most people, 2. ______
work is not only a necessity, but also the (3)______of 3. ______
their lives. Many doctors have observed its (4)______ 4. ______
effect. For many people, the absence of job is (5)______to 5. ______
their health.
Why people need work Firstly, people get their
(6) ______rewards from work. Everybody wants to do 6. ______
something that can serve as a (7)______to our ability. 7. ______
Secondly, people need to be (8)______recognized. A good 8. ______
job can provide people with both status and (9)______ 9. ______
We are often misled by people’s complaints about difficult
work. In fact, most of them regard their own capacity to do
the tough job as the mark of their unique personality. For us
human beings, it is energy (10)______that is satisfying. 10. ______

参考答案：tribute

10.填空题Why People work
We may fully realize the role of work in providing us the
(1)______things of life. But we may ignore its role in 1. ______
contributing to our (2)______well-being. For most people, 2. ______
work is not only a necessity, but also the (3)______of 3. ______
their lives. Many doctors have observed its (4)______ 4. ______
effect. For many people, the absence of job is (5)______to 5. ______
their health.
Why people need work Firstly, people get their
(6) ______rewards from work. Everybody wants to do 6. ______
something that can serve as a (7)______to our ability. 7. ______
Secondly, people need to be (8)______recognized. A good 8. ______
job can provide people with both status and (9)______ 9. ______
We are often misled by people’s complaints about difficult
work. In fact, most of them regard their own capacity to do
the tough job as the mark of their unique personality. For us
human beings, it is energy (10)______that is satisfying. 10. ______

参考答案：individual

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