单项选择题  Free schools are flourishing in the UK. More than 400 free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England     1    . These schools have been made possible by the hundreds of teachers, parents and charities working in their own time to go through a     2    application process to bring their     3    of a new school to life.     4    these schools proving so popular, parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up. The government’s commitment to expand the program with another new 500 schools is     5    a logical next step.
    Importantly these schools are already making a(n)     6    to the education of thousands of pupils around the country. Over 70% of those inspected have been judged good or outstanding by inspectors, and     7    they are being opened where they are most needed. There are far more free schools in     8    local communities than in wealthy neighborhoods. Obviously free schools can play a role in     9    the current shortage of school places. For free schools to continue to have the biggest impact, they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low     10    have been accepted for far too long. 

A.incomes
B.spirits
C.standards
D.prices

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1.问答题  Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of "An Unforgettable Experience in My Life". You are advised to avoid using any stereotyped expressions or sentences, such as "last but not the least".
 
参考答案：[范文]
I believe that each of us has...
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2.单项选择题  Everyone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing. This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets. All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient—working smarter, making better use of IT. Reduction in crime means we don’t need so many police officers.
    This belief is based on a false premise. Recorded crime is declining, but that’s largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet: cybercrime is much safer and more appealing. The rewards are much greater, and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small. So if you’re a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ, why would you bother robbing people, breaking into houses, stealing cars and doing all the other things that old- style crooks do—and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing
    Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it. These views are supported by the experiences of the 5% of UK Internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses—almost none of them helpful—from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.
    One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia, lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources, which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other, more urgent, responsibilities. Or simply the fact that officers often don’t take it seriously.
    It’s exceedingly difficult to measure accurately, for a variety of reasons—the spectrum of wrongdoing, the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed, and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done, but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack. And then there are the opportunity costs: for example, security software used by online merchants typically rejects 4.3% of orders out of fear of fraud, even though many of those potential orders are in fact genuine.
    The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing. But do not expect to hear much about it in the election. What we actually need are more policemen on the net.  Paragraph Five implies that online companies ______.

A.compensate for customers’ loss in case of cybercrime
B.are more vulnerable to the attack by cybercriminals
C.have paid much money for catching cybercriminals
D.may suffer financially from the security software

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3.单项选择题  Free schools are flourishing in the UK. More than 400 free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England     1    . These schools have been made possible by the hundreds of teachers, parents and charities working in their own time to go through a     2    application process to bring their     3    of a new school to life.     4    these schools proving so popular, parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up. The government’s commitment to expand the program with another new 500 schools is     5    a logical next step.
    Importantly these schools are already making a(n)     6    to the education of thousands of pupils around the country. Over 70% of those inspected have been judged good or outstanding by inspectors, and     7    they are being opened where they are most needed. There are far more free schools in     8    local communities than in wealthy neighborhoods. Obviously free schools can play a role in     9    the current shortage of school places. For free schools to continue to have the biggest impact, they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low     10    have been accepted for far too long. 

A.addressing
B.enhancing
C.integrating
D.intending

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4.问答题  尽管录取标准不同，但中国大多数研究生院的学生人数多得惊人。导师不仅鼓励学生尽量多读文献，也期望他们有自己的发现。有创新思想的人更有可能发表学术价值高的论文。不论你是决定读博还是就业，硕士学位决定你的未来。
 
参考答案：Despite different admission standards, the number of student...
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5.单项选择题  On the surface, shopping online seems environmentally friendly: it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions. But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses Delivery trucks also contribute substantially to the burden of PM2.5, which is associated with many effects on human health.
    Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents’ shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online. They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases. Finally, the researchers used transportation simulation software and data from local transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network, focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university’s campus. They conducted similar analyses in 2001, at the dawn of the online shopping era, and again in 2008.
    Curiously, the 2008 data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only 14.8% since 2001. That’s much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study. It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that Internet shopping increased six-fold between 2001 and 2011.
    This is an unexpected finding. However, a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students, and the convenience of Internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household. Also, the researchers’ latest data are from 2008, which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.
    In any case, the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated, traffic in 2008 was worse than they had predicted, for more home shopping purchases increase travel time, traffic delays, and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.
    While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail, other researchers have warned of a "rebound effect," which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption. Something similar may be going on in Newark, the results suggest.
    "We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn’t decreased at all with the growth of online shopping," says study leader Arde Faghri. "This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants, going to the movies, or visiting friends."  The results of the survey by Arde Faghri suggest that in Newark ______.

A.a "rebound effect" is probably taking place
B.online shopping is being replaced by other entertainments
C.online shopping has reduced people’s daily spending
D.supermarkets or malls are gradually disappearing

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6.单项选择题  Julie Lythcott-Haims noticed a disturbing trend during her decade as the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University. Incoming students were brilliant and accomplished and virtually flawless, on paper. But with each year, more of them seemed incapable of taking care of themselves.
    At the same time, parents were becoming increasingly involved in their children’s lives. They talked to their children multiple times a day and rushed in to personally intervene whenever something difficult happened.
    Lythcott-Haims came to believe that parents in wealthy communities have been hindering their children by trying so hard to protect the children from any disappointment, failure and hardship. Such "over-helping" might assist children in developing impressive résumés for college applications, but it also deprives them of the chance to learn who they are, what they love and how to navigate the world, she argues in her book.
    "We want so badly to help them by shepherding them from milestone to milestone and by shielding them from failure and pain. But over-helping is devastating," she writes. "It can leave young adults without the strengths of skill, will and character that are needed to know themselves and to craft a life."
    "Don’t call me a parenting expert," she said in an interview. "I’m interested in humans’ thriving, and it turns out that over-parenting is getting in the way."
    She cites statistics on the rise of depression and other mental health problems among the young people. She has seen the effects up close: she lives in a community that, following a string of suicides in the past year, has undertaken a period of soul-searching about what parents can do to stem the pressure that young people face.
    Her book tour is taking her to more school auditoriums and parent groups than bookstores. She tells stories about over-involvement and shares statistics about problems in young people, which she hopes will spark change in communities where helicopter parents are making themselves and their children miserable.
    "Our job as a parent is to put ourselves out of a job," she said. "We need to know that our children are able to get up in the morning and take care of themselves."
    And how can parents help their children become serf-sufficient Teach them the skills they’ll need in real life and make sure they practice those skills on their own. And have them do chores. "Chores build a sense of accountability. They build life skills and a work ethic," she said.  This passage aims to explain ______.

A.why helicopter parenting is ruining children
B.which is the best approach to parenting children
C.what children can learn from successful parents
D.how over-involvement can benefit children

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7.问答题  At any elementary school in China’s metropolises, you will find numerous kids who wear glasses. Undesirable reading habits and chronic exposure to screens not only account for the higher incidence of nearsightedness, but take a heavy toll on the well-being of kids. Kids who are lost in the virtual world are more vulnerable to overweight, whose grades are bound to suffer. The appeal of digital gadgets, such as cell phones or smartphones, seems so irresistible that keeping oneself unplugged for a single day is virtually out of the question. While we are enjoying the benefits of modern conveniences, we are also having some basic necessities of life deprived, including peace of mind and a robust body.
 
参考答案：在中国大城市的任何一所小学，你都会发现很多孩子戴眼镜。不良的阅读习惯和长期接触屏幕不仅使近视率上升，也对孩子的健康造成重...
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8.单项选择题  Everyone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing. This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets. All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient—working smarter, making better use of IT. Reduction in crime means we don’t need so many police officers.
    This belief is based on a false premise. Recorded crime is declining, but that’s largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet: cybercrime is much safer and more appealing. The rewards are much greater, and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small. So if you’re a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ, why would you bother robbing people, breaking into houses, stealing cars and doing all the other things that old- style crooks do—and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing
    Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it. These views are supported by the experiences of the 5% of UK Internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses—almost none of them helpful—from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.
    One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia, lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources, which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other, more urgent, responsibilities. Or simply the fact that officers often don’t take it seriously.
    It’s exceedingly difficult to measure accurately, for a variety of reasons—the spectrum of wrongdoing, the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed, and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done, but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack. And then there are the opportunity costs: for example, security software used by online merchants typically rejects 4.3% of orders out of fear of fraud, even though many of those potential orders are in fact genuine.
    The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing. But do not expect to hear much about it in the election. What we actually need are more policemen on the net.  The rate of cybercrime is quite high in the UK for the following reasons except ______.

A.inefficient law enforcement agencies
B.fake ID cards used widely by criminals
C.limited expertise and resources
D.inadequate attention paid to cybercrime

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9.单项选择题  Free schools are flourishing in the UK. More than 400 free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England     1    . These schools have been made possible by the hundreds of teachers, parents and charities working in their own time to go through a     2    application process to bring their     3    of a new school to life.     4    these schools proving so popular, parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up. The government’s commitment to expand the program with another new 500 schools is     5    a logical next step.
    Importantly these schools are already making a(n)     6    to the education of thousands of pupils around the country. Over 70% of those inspected have been judged good or outstanding by inspectors, and     7    they are being opened where they are most needed. There are far more free schools in     8    local communities than in wealthy neighborhoods. Obviously free schools can play a role in     9    the current shortage of school places. For free schools to continue to have the biggest impact, they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low     10    have been accepted for far too long. 

A.convicted
B.deprived
C.deserted
D.invaded

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10.单项选择题  On the surface, shopping online seems environmentally friendly: it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions. But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses Delivery trucks also contribute substantially to the burden of PM2.5, which is associated with many effects on human health.
    Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents’ shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online. They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases. Finally, the researchers used transportation simulation software and data from local transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network, focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university’s campus. They conducted similar analyses in 2001, at the dawn of the online shopping era, and again in 2008.
    Curiously, the 2008 data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only 14.8% since 2001. That’s much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study. It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that Internet shopping increased six-fold between 2001 and 2011.
    This is an unexpected finding. However, a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students, and the convenience of Internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household. Also, the researchers’ latest data are from 2008, which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.
    In any case, the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated, traffic in 2008 was worse than they had predicted, for more home shopping purchases increase travel time, traffic delays, and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.
    While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail, other researchers have warned of a "rebound effect," which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption. Something similar may be going on in Newark, the results suggest.
    "We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn’t decreased at all with the growth of online shopping," says study leader Arde Faghri. "This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants, going to the movies, or visiting friends."  The researchers might have come to the conclusion that ______.

A.online shopping has decreased the emission of greenhouse gases
B.people are cutting down on driving thanks to online shopping
C.the popularity of online shopping should be discouraged
D.online shopping fails to reduce traffic jam and carbon emissions

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